Word patient refers to one who suffers physical or mental discomfort or impairment or both of them. Hospitals and other healthcare facilities are the locations for diagnosis and treatment of diseases to those who refer them. Besides patients are in a delicate and vulnerable condition, Environmental graphic of these places are very important. One of the most influential factors in the hospital graphical design are colors. Color is a force that affects both the body and the human psyche. So this research seeks to answer of these questions that what components are, in choosing colors in the hospital ward and what role this factor has in diagnosis and treatment, patient`s psychology and performance of medical center’s staff.In this research first it has been dealt with the study of color and it’s impact on human as an important Environmental graphic parameter and then by determining inpatient’s conditions and it’s needs, factors in the choice of colors and their effects on hospital inpatient ward are discussed. The method used in this paper is based on library studies and descriptive approach. The results of this study show that colors, according to their physical and psychological impact on patients, have specific impact on patients as well as functions in inpatient ward, require the use of specific colors architect must consider these factors.It is hoped that with proper medical center planning in all its dimensions, can pave the way for further expansion of health in the community.

Preterm birth has been increased over the last two decades, thus leading to higher admissions of preterm infants to the neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). The design of NICUs may have several consequences for the health of infants, parents, and staff. In addition, it has gone through numerous changes in recent years, including the single-family room (SFR). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of using SFRs in the NICUs on the environmental (outcomes related to NICU environmental features) and clinical outcomes of the infants. Further, the present systematic review study was based on English papers about utilizing SFRs in the NICUs published during 2012-17. The papers were collected by searching the keywords “ neonatal intensive care unit” , “ single-family room” , “ preterm infants” , “ parents’ perspective” , “ staff’ s perspective” , “ infant outcomes” , and “ open-ward care unit” in ISI, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Magiran, and OVID database. The findings showed that applying SFRs improves clinical and environmental outcomes and that the staff and parents have a positive attitude toward this method. Besides, it costs the same as or even in some models less than the open-ward method and is considered a cost-effective method. Although a consensus may not be achieved on some issues such as maternal stress, language and motor development, intellectual maturation, and to some extent nurses’ satisfaction, in general, using the SFR in the NICUs enhances clinical and environmental outcomes and there is a positive attitude towards this method.

Background: Drug interactions (DIs) are one of the problems caused by irrational drug use and includes the effects of drug, food, or anything that changes the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of a given drug. In this regard, DI is one of the causes of morbidity and mortality in patients. However, this problem is usually predictable and hence is required to be properly managed. The aim of the present study was to assess DIs in the patients hospitalized in the intensive care units and infectious ward of Sina hospital, Hamadan, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on the medical records of 500 patients hospitalized in ICUs and infectious ward of Sina hospital in Hamadan from March 2014 to February 2015. The inclusion criterion was the presence of at least one DI in the patients hospitalized in the intensive care units (ICUs) and infectious ward of the hospital for at least 24 hours. The potential DIs were classified based on the type and severity. Medical and demographic characteristics of the patients, including age, sex, duration of hospitalization, inpatient ward, and treatment results (death or advances in treatment) were collected using a checklist. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16. 0. Results: A total of 514 DIs were identified from which 5. 05% were major and 41. 82% were moderate interactions. The mean of DI per patient was 2. 81 in the range of 1 and 23. The frequency of antibiotic/ antibiotic and antibiotic/other drugs interactions were 7. 97% and 28. 98%, respectively. The average length of stay in hospital was 12. 07 days, and 26. 22% and 25. 13% of the studied patients were hospitalized in general and infectious ICUs, respectively. The mean of DIs per patient was significantly higher in infectious ICU rather than other studied wards. Conclusions: To sum up, although the percentage of major DIs were low, the prevalence of total DIs was high in the studied patients. Based on the results of this study, it seems that physicians must be aware of the presence of potential and harmful DIs. Moreover, working under the careful supervision of a clinical pharmacist in hospitals and continuous training around DIs and training the pharmacological care to physicians can be effective in the prevention of DIs.

Introduction: Maintaining and enhancing the quality of service and medical care is effective in achieving patient satisfaction. Nurses, as one of the most important health care providers, play an important role in patient satisfaction. Material and Method: his was a descriptive cross-sectional study in Hasheminejad hospital of Mashhad during 2019-2020. Data were collected from a questionnaire whose validity and reliability (R = 0. 87) were confirmed, and analyzed by SPSS 20 software. The significance level of the tests was considered less than 0. 05. Results: This study was performed on 91 women admitted to the maternity ward, 51. 6% of the subjects were in the age range of 21-30 years, 33% had 25. 3% primary education, and 27. 5% had high school diploma. 46. 2% of patients had average economic level and 78% had insurance. 67% lived in the town,patient’, s satisfaction score based on questionnaires was 66. 11±,19. 30. Conclusion: Considering the extent to which patient satisfaction with nurses leads to trust in the process of treatment and community health system and the process of patient improvement in the psychological dimension and ultimately affecting organizational productivity, it is advisable to improve programs and patient satisfaction with nurses' performance and services.

Background and Purpose: Ethics is an integral part of medical and nursing professions, and care in pediatric ward is different from other wardsdue to patients’ age and sensitivity of their medical conditions. Therefore, we aimed to compare the severity of moral distress among nurses working in pediatric wards and pediatric intensive care units.Materials and Methods: This descriptive comparative study was performed in 111 nurses working in pediatric wards and pediatric intensive care units of selected hospitals affiliated to Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, in 2017. Data were collected using a demographic checklist and Corley’s Moral Distress Scale. To analyze the data, we used descriptive statistics and inferential tests such as Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis.Results: In this study, moral distress severity in 75% of the nurses in pediatric wards was low, and in 25%, it was at a moderate level. In 58.8% of pediatric intensive care unit nurses, the severity of this condition was low, and in 41.2%, it was moderate. In other words, the average severity of moral distress in the pediatric ward nurses was 37.48, and in the pediatric intensive care unit nurses, it was 58.02. The comparison of severity of moral distress among nurses working in these two wards showed a significant difference (P<0.005).Conclusion: The results indicate a higher moral distress level in pediatric intensive care unit nurses than in nurses of pediatric wards. Therefore, professional ethics education planners are suggested to develop professional ethics workshops based on the needs and religious ethics and using advice from Islamic experts.

Background & Objectives: One of the objectives of each system is cost management to help organizations to provide high quality goods and services at a competitive environment. The present study was aimed to calculate the costs of cardiac care unit at Imam Reza hospital of Bojnurd by activity-based costing method.Material & Methods: This study is an applied study that cross-sectional and retrospective methods were carried out. Data gathered by observation, interviews, review documents and financial statements of Imam Reza hospital in Bojnurd in 2013. The hospital activity centers were identified. After costing each activity center, indirect costs of cardiac care unit were allocated to this sector by direct allocation method. Microsoft Excel 2007 software was used for the calculation.Results: The results showed that the total cost of cardiac care unite services is 19,677,265,413 Rials equivalent to 8.06% of hospital costs., that 65.1% of the costs related to personnel costs, 8.1% of the costs related to materials and supplies and expenses related to overhead costs is 26.8%.Conclusion: Majority of the costs of cardiac care unit are the employee compensation costs which are among the constant costs of hospital. It seems that we should optimize the use of staff through different processes such as ward development, proper pattern of consumption material, and increased bed occupancy index.